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L, larvae; ML, mature larvae; EP, early stage pupae; LP, late stage pupae; TA, teneral adult; EA, emerged adult; FA, feeding adult. Lady beetles are often recognized by their distinctive coloration and Heredity 103, 208216. A huge family of beetles. Entomol. %%EOF Life Sci. Electrophysiological responses of Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to volatiles of Chinese white pine as well as to pure enantiomers and racemates of some monoterpenes. (1959). Cerambycidae Longhorned Beetles Includes typical weevils with elbowed antennae and long rostrums. For example, the Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), uses aggregation pheromones to coordinate mass attacks on host trees, whereas odorants from host and non-host trees modulate pheromone response (Zhang and Schlyter, 2004; Erbilgin et al., 2007; Andersson et al., 2010, 2013). Mol. They are usually black and shiny, but a few species are brightly Their role in olfaction was particularly notable; CSP2 was abundant in antennae and carried host volatiles that regulated D. armandi foraging behaviors. The 3D model of DarmCSP2 revealed an internal hydrophobic binding cavity formed from six -helices, corresponding to existing studies on CSP structure (Campanacci et al., 2003; Mosbah et al., 2003; Tomaselli et al., 2006; Kulmuni and Havukainen, 2013). 59, 667675. Curculionidae Weevils 0000016420 00000 n doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125159, Guex, N., Peitsch, M. C., and Schwede, T. (2009). 41, 545562. Identification and expression pattern of the chemosensory protein gene family in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. (2011). (2003). Touchdown PCR (annealing temperatures: 6555C) was performed to improve amplification specificity of the 5-UTR and 3-UTR sequences. stream The asterisk indicates a significant difference between female and male expression levels (*P 0.05, **P 0.01, ***P 0.001, Independent-Samples T-Test). Also the broad-nosed weevils and the bark beetles (hardly any rostrum, head often hidden beneath the pronotum, antennae clubbed but not so obviously elbowed). Sci. J. Insect Physiol. They often have elbowed antennae. 41, 473485. 102, 600609. They have chewing 0000045647 00000 n Olfaction is extremely important for fitness of D. armandi because it is the primary mechanism through which the insect locates hosts and mates. Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) herbivores; includes many pests of agricultural crops. Biol. Biol. (2017). Scarab beetles are relatively stout-bodied beetles that vary greatly in Insect Mol. Elongate and hairy. (2012). This list corresponded well with the list of volatiles found to be bound by DarmCSP2 in fluorescence binding assays. Three replicates were performed per treatment group (non-injected, water-injected, dsCSP2-injected). Entomol. 26, 687701. BdorOBP83a-2 mediates responses of the oriental fruit fly to semiochemicals. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063688, Leal, W. S. (2013). Antenna-predominant and male-biased CSP19 of Sesamia inferens is able to bind the female sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. To avoid chimera sequences, specific primers (Table S1) from initiation to terminator codon were designed based on complete sequences. This outcome accords with deduced molecular weights of the predicted amino acid sequences. (2000). 42, W320W324. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evr033, Wang, R., Li, F., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Qu, C., Tetreau, G., et al. J. Northwest Agric. This structure is typical of CSPs. Antennal transcriptome analysis of odorant reception genes in the red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens. Diversity, abundance, and sex-specific expression of chemosensory proteins in the reproductive organs of the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis. (2016). Primers used for gene isolation, RT-qPCR, Prokaryotic expression, and dsRNA synthesis. Notoxus has a horn over the head. Totowa, NJ: Springer. Pill beetles. Physicochemical properties and blastp matches of putative DarmCSP genes. Biochem. Mol. Unsurprisingly, given their critical functions, chemosensory proteins are widespread and have been isolated from multiple insect orders (McKenna et al., 1994; Angeli et al., 1999; Robertson et al., 1999; Marchese et al., 2000; Fort et al., 2007; Andersson et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014; He et al., 2017). doi: 10.1007/s00427-006-0127-y, Marchese, S., Angeli, S., Andolfo, A., Scaloni, A., Brandazza, A., Mazza, M., et al. but actually 4-4-4. Mosbah, A., Campanacci, V., Lartigue, A., Tegoni, M., Cambillau, C., and Darbon, H. (2003). Beetles are amazing creatures that are easily recognized by their shell-like exteriors. 93, 184200. Purified amplicons were used as templates to synthesize dsRNA with T7 RiboMAX Express RNAi (Promega, USA), following manufacturer protocol. Insect Mol. Two families of Coleoptera are bioluminescent (able to produce light). 23, 598610. complete metamorphosis(egg, larva, pupa, adult) Biol. Environ. Passalidae Bess Beetles ZL, LD, and HuC designed the experiments. Longhorned beetles are identified by having antennae that are usually at 3:RESEARCH0034. Fluorescence competitive binding assays have indicated that CSPs bind to a wide range of compounds, such as plant volatiles, insect pheromones (Briand et al., 2002; Li et al., 2015), cuticular hydrocarbons and lipids (Ozaki et al., 2005; Gonzlez et al., 2009), as well as visual pigments (Zhu et al., 2016). doi: 10.1002/pmic.201500427, Hua, J.-F., Zhang, S., Cui, J.-J., Wang, D.-J., Wang, C.-Y., Luo, J.-Y., et al. Disulphide bridges are colored yellow. Ile 73 and Trp 80 are labeled with pentagrams. Finally, dsCSP2 was then quantified in NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo, Pennsylvania, USA), diluted to 1000 ng/L in DEPC water, and stored at 80C. Residues of Ile 73 and Trp 80 are shown as stick, colored in light blue and blue respectively. PLoS ONE 8:e77295. Malachiidae (Soft-winged flower beetles). less that half as long as the body. Chewing mouthparts are at the tip of a proboscis, Carabidae (ground beetles) predators; many beneficial species including the fiery hunter, Calosoma calidum. Short antennae. Gasteiger, E., Hoogland, C., Gattiker, A., Duvaud, S. E., Wilkins, M. R., Appel, R. D., et al. In Helicoverpa armigera, HarmPBP1 and HarmPBP2 were associated with the recognition of the major sex pheromone component, Z11-16:Ald (Dong et al., 2017). 68, 17991813. Mol. Nitidulidae (Sap beetles, pollen beetles). Chem. 114, 5360. Logging slash of infested P. armandi was moved from the sample plot to a greenhouse, where adult beetles were collected as they emerged and then kept at 4C on moist paper. Ecol. Dissociation constant of 1-NPN with DarmCSP2 is 1.84 0.04 M. However, the Long and rather straight-sided. Approximately 112 families and 23,592 species in North America and 166 families and >300,000 species worldwide. Distribution and characteristics of wood-boring pests and bark beetles in China. They live in the soil or on vegetation and attack a wide variety of invertebrate hosts. DarmCSP7 was more highly expressed in male than in female forewings. often brightly colored. Antennae, mouthparts, heads (without antennae and mouthparts), forewings, underwings, legs, thoraxes, abdomens (without pheromone glands), and pheromone glands of male and female emerged adults were dissected. (2015). c. Elateriform Wireworms; elongate, cylindrical, with a hard exoskeleton and tiny legs. Their tarsal formula (number Biol. Cell 111, 687701. The size and purity of DarmCSPs were checked using 12% SDS-PAGE, whereas their concentration was measured with the BCA Assay Kit (Sangong, Shanghai, China). The 3D-structural model of DarmCSP2 revealed six -helices, plus a very short one near the carboxyl terminus, all connected with loops to form a binding pocket. 14:270. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu132, Yi, X., Zhao, H., Dong, X., Wang, P., Hu, M., and Zhong, G. (2013). The reaction mixture (20 L) contained 10 L of SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNaseH Plus) (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 2 L of cDNA (diluted 10 times), 0.6 L of each primer, and 6.8 L of nuclease-free water. 217, 189196. Specifically, regulation of CSP expression in Choristoneura fumiferana, B. mori, and Nilaparvata lugens varies with hormonal changes during metamorphosis (larvae and pupae or nymphs) (Wanner et al., 2005; Gong et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2014; Hou et al., 2016). J. Biol. Three pET32a(+)/DarmCSPs were successfully induced and expressed in BL21(DE3) PlysS cells. The most recent checklist of beetles of the British Isles includes 4072 species in 103 families, listed in taxonomic order below. Automated comparative protein structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL and Swiss-PdbViewer: a historical perspective. Biol. Molecular studies in insect olfaction. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0836654100, Chen, G., Song, Y., Wang, P., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, S., et al. Expression of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins and spatial map of chemosensilla on labial palps of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). /Filter /LZWDecode Ecol. (A) Binding curve of 1-NPN with puried DarmCSP2 and its relative Scatchard plot (inset). Figure 4. Their characteristic shape is often used in identifying them. B Biochem. H, head (without antenna and mouthpart); T, thorax; A, abdomen (without pheromone gland); AN, antenna; M, mouthpart; L, leg; FW, forewing; UW: underwing; P, pheromone gland. Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects. A pdf version is available here. PLoS ONE 12:e0171739. Methods were modified from a previous study (Zhang et al., 2010). RNAi-induced electrophysiological and behavioral changes reveal two pheromone binding proteins of Helicoverpa armigera involved in the perception of the main sex pheromone component Z1116: Ald. Six - helices are labeled in red. (2017). (B) Four pheromones components of D. armandi; (C) Ten host volatiles of P. armandi. The predicted 3D structure of DarmCSP2 was generated via homology modeling in SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) with default parameters (Guex et al., 2009), with the solution structure of Schistocerca gregaria CSP4 (Tomaselli et al., 2006) as a template (identity: 44.33%). We identified CSP genes from D. armandi (DarmCSPs), and assessed their tissue and developmental expression profiles. The number and shape of tarsal segments is used in most keys, but on small beetles they are not easy to see. Most are black, brown, or metallic. Taxonomy: Coleoptera is divided into four suborders but only two of these, Aedephaga and Polyphaga, include common families: A host monoterpene influences Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) responses to its aggregation pheromone. Res. The number in front of the family name is the number of species in that family. Black or metallic species. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku316, Robertson, H., Martos, R., Sears, C., Todres, E., Walden, K., and Nardi, J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. PCR products encoding mature proteins were amplified using gene-specific primers (Table S1), cloned into pGEM-T easy vectors (Promega, Madison, USA), then excised and cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET32a(+) (Novagen, Madison, WI), between BamHI and XhoI restriction sites. 38, 11631170. Identification and genomic structure of chemosensory proteins (CSP) and odorant binding proteins (OBP) genes expressed in foreleg tarsi of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. The significant differences among different treatments in every time point were marked with letters (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, all values are mean sd, n = 3). The predicted signal peptides were boxed and four conserved cysteines were labeled with below the alignment. Nearly all weevils are The antenna-preferential genes are probably involved in recognizing sex pheromones and plant volatiles (Tomaselli et al., 2006; Qiao et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015, 2016), whereas mouthpart-preferential genes likely play roles in gustation, recognizing non-volatile food sources or detecting close-range odors (Nagnan-Le Meillour et al., 2000; Jin et al., 2006; de la Paz Celorio-Mancera et al., 2012; Hua et al., 2012). Narrow and rather straight-sided. Molecular mass (kDa) and isoelectric points were determined in PROTPARAM (Gasteiger et al., 2005). Narrow with rather straight sides. In contrast, DarmCSP1 and DarmCSP3 had no obvious affinity to 1-NPN. NaCl and CaCl2 were removed from DarmCSPs via dialysis in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.4). Expression was normalized based on the lowest expression level. 39 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00291/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2002). Used here with permission. Numerous olfactory protein groups have been identified in the insect chemosensory system, with wide-ranging functions that include locating food sources, recognizing conspecifics and predators, as well as identifying oviposition sites; these include odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), olfactory receptors (ORs), gustatory receptor (GRs), and odorant degrading enzymes (ODEs) (Snchez-Gracia et al., 2009; Leal, 2013). doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9555.2004.00202.x, Zhang, X. Y., Zhu, X. Q., Gu, S. H., Zhou, Y. L., Wang, S. Y., Zhang, Y. J., et al. Electrophoresis 30, S162S173. They attack all parts of living plants as well as processed fibers, grains, and wood products. The 2Ct values were log2-transformed for analysis of variance and plotting. b. Scarabaeiform Grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body Carabidae Ground Beetles The disulfide bridges are numbered 1 and 2. BdorCSP2 is important for antifeed and oviposition-deterring activities induced by Rhodojaponin-III against Bactrocera dorsalis. Biol. But the only difference between you and an expert is experience. programs. Developmental expression patterns of four chemosensory protein genes from the Eastern spruce budworm, Chroistoneura fumiferana. 28, 27312739. Cell. Significant between-treatment differences in DarmCSP mRNA levels and EAG groups were derived through ANOVA (P < 0.05), then adjusted with a Duncan multiple-comparison test. Biol. 0000017466 00000 n Figure 1. Large beetles. Insect Mol. Over 1000 beetle species are known to live as predators, parasites or commensals in the nests of ants. The injection of dsCSP2 significantly decreased DarmCSP2 expression, and antennae subjected to RNAi experienced significantly reduced EAG activity in response to six tested host volatiles [(+)--pinene, (+)--pinene, ()--pinene, (+)-camphene, (+)-3-carene, and myrcene], but not in response to pheromones. There are even a few parasitic beetles some are internal parasites of other insects, some invade the nests of ants or termites, and some are external parasites of mammals. Ancient Egyptians believed that a scarab beetle rolled the sun across the sky each day. Figure 7. Almost all of them have very short wing-cases leaving at least three segments of the abdomen exposed. Full-length BLASTp searches indicated high amino acid sequence identity between DarmCSPs and CSPs of other bark beetle species. (2012). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00146.x, Snchez-Gracia, A., Vieira, F., and Rozas, J. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.014, Li, Z.-Q., Zhang, S., Luo, J.-Y., Zhu, J., Cui, J.-J., and Dong, S.-L. (2015). Camb. The systematic chemosensory functional analysis of DarmCSP2 in this study clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying D. armandi olfaction and provided a theoretical foundation for eco-friendly pest control. A strange beetle that lives in wasp nests. This variation was similar to sequence identity percentages in Nilaparvata lugens (1077%) (Yang et al., 2014), Bombyx mori (1050%) (Qiao et al., 2013), and Papilio xuthus (2070%) (Ozaki et al., 2008). J. Exp. Figure S1. DarmCSPs were closely related to CSPs in other bark beetles. You need a museum for this, which is not always convenient. A., Field, L. M., Zhou, J.-J., et al. Usually black or orange. 3, 11011108. None of this is much comfort when you are stuck with a seemingly unidentifiable insect, but remember that things do get easier. recognized by having a head that is narrower that the pronotum. As adults, most beetles have a hard, dense exoskeleton that covers and protects most of their body surface. Neither will any of the other guides and keys out there, so use as many different sources as you can find, and be prepared to let some things remain as mysteries until you have more experience. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00329.x, Field, L., Pickett, J., and Wadhams, L. (2000). Chem. doi: 10.14411/eje.2017.008, Zhou, X.-H., Ban, L.-P., Iovinella, I., Zhao, L.-J., Gao, Q., Felicioli, A., et al. Gene 536, 279286. 0000017127 00000 n Insect Biochem. DarmCSPs expression data were generated from normalizing data to the geometric average of the internal control genes (Vandesompele et al., 2002). Mol. Chemoreception (olfaction and gustation) is an indispensable biological process for many insect species (Snchez-Gracia et al., 2009), playing a vital role in detecting the specific semiochemicals emitted by host plants or conspecifics (Yoshizawa et al., 2011). 0000044944 00000 n Additionally, active sites I73 and W80 in DarmCSP2 corresponded to I76 and W83 residues in SgerCSP4, confirmed to bind oleamide (Tomaselli et al., 2006). Beetles occur in nearly every type of which cause considerable damage to various plants. Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo. Ladybirds. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjh229, Pelosi, P., Iovinella, I., Zhu, J., Wang, G., and Dani, F. R. (2017). Arched on the back. 35, 4756. Chrysomelidae Leaf Beetles The tarsi Spatial and temporal dynamics of bark beetles in Chinese white pine in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province, China. We also found that DarmCSP1, DarmCSP2, DarmCSP7, DarmCSP8, and DarmCSP9 were ubiquitous in other tissues at relatively high levels, suggesting involvement in other adult physiological processes (Nomura et al., 1992; Gong et al., 2012; Gu et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013).

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