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Deer where nearly extirpated from the state by the early 1900s, with only a few thousand left in remote pockets. Population has been on a slow increase for many years. That is a quick comeback from the estimated 662 that were left in 1941. It is important they have access to both the cover provided by the forest and the grazing in open areas and along the forest edge. To try and combat this, the state has a community deer management assistance program, that includes additional licenses hunters can obtain to harvest deer on private properties, with landowner permission. The art and science of wildlife management was becoming more science and less art. In a 2020 article the state DNR estimated a white-tailed deer population of about 900,000 1,000,000. Also in 1941 the Florida Legislature proposed a constitutional amendment establishing a Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission with five members appointed to serve 5-year terms. Habitat loss, decrease in forgeable food and hunting brought species to the brink by the early 1900s. While nobody knows exactly what the deer population was before the European settlers showed up, it is believed there are many more today than there were historically. Many animals, such as songbirds, rely on this understory habitat. For many years deer hunting wasnt allowed in the state in efforts to allow the population to recover from the overhunting of the 1700s and early 180os. The states fish and game page describes mule deer as boom and bust, meaning their populations can vary quite a bit year to year based on environmental conditions such as drought. We also share helpful tips and guides on a variety of topics related to animals and nature. White-tailed deer are mainly herbivores and will eat what they can find during each season. So what are the problems that come with too many deer? However world-wide there are 26 known subspecies, with 17 of those occurring in the U.S. They are an attractive deer with a bright orange-brown coat covered in white spots, much like the fawn of white-tailed deer. Pennsylvania Game Commission: hunting and trapping resource page. Nebraska is another state that is home to both white-tailed and mule deer. In fact, enforcement of game laws outside the confines of established refuges was almost nonexistent. This graph published by the NJDEP Division of Science and Research shows the 2018 population estimate at just over 125,000 white-tailed deer. In public hunting areas the population is estimated at 950-1050 deer. Missouris white-tailed deer population sits at about 1.4 million. Deer in the suburbs are well-known for eating the nice flowers and shrubs youve spent time planting in your yard. Mule deer are primarily found in the badlands alongside the Little Missouri River. Mule deer are found in the central mountains and southern deserts of the state, while white-tailed deer are most populous in the northern forested areas. Learn more. The state department of wildlife and fisheries began to manage deer by setting hunting seasons and restocking in the late 1940s. 
They are only found in the Florida keys and are an endangered species. There are three main types of deer in New Mexico, the mule deer, the Coues deer and the Texas white-tailed deer. The first recorded sightings of the white-tailed deer in Utah happened in the northern part of the state, Cache county, in the late 1990s. White-tailed deer population in Pennsylvania has been 1.4-1.5 million for the last few years. The antlers grow in late spring, and are covered with tissue called velvet during this growth period. The first game laws restricting hunting went into effect in 1853. Today, the Commission's WMA s system comprises nearly 6 million acres of wildlife habitat from the western Panhandle to the Florida Keys. The tail is straight and black on top with white underneath. Iowas first conservation law came around in 1856, restricting what time of year deer could be hunted. Deer overpopulation causes habitat destruction, crop damage, vehicle collisions and disease all of which threatens the long-term survival of white-tailed deer in Wisconsin. Biologists believe a new framework for deer management is in order, and one that takes into account the ecological capacity of the current ecosystem. The Vermont fish & wildlife page reports that the pre-hunt estimate for white-tailed deer population in the state was approximately 133,000. Today its hard to image they werent always so abundant. When too many deer are in one environment, they can be a detriment by not allowing plants to grow to maturity or even completely wiping out a species of plant from an ecosystem. This 2021 article in the Observer-Dispatch reports a white-tailed deer population of approximately 1.2 million. According to this article, the DNREC estimated the deer population at the start of the 2020-21 season at 45,000 white-tailed deer. In the late 1800s, India gifted eight Axis deer to King Kamehameha V. These eight ended up on Molokai and have since been introduced to most of the other Hawaiian islands. Meeting the future needs of all deer-related enthusiasts while conserving our native ecosystems is a challenge faced by all who are charged with the stewardship of our wildlife heritage. Like most deer, black-tail browse on what vegetation is available in each season. The primary issue in deer management was no longer simply increasing white-tailed deer numbers. This helps them avoid the harsher high elevation winter conditions such as deeper snow that covers up food. Based on hunting data the white-tailed deer population in 2017 was about 135,000. But things got worse. It is a tough balance for the Axis deer on the islands. Virginia DWR: deer hunting regulations and seasons. But numbers have been on the rise since then, from an estimated 20,000 in 1940 to 700,000 in 2014. Vehicle collisions as population density increases, so does the likelihood of deer-vehicle collisions. Missouri Department of Conservation: deer hunting regulations. In 1959 the Commission's WMA system grew to encompass over 4 million acres of wildlife habitat. Despite these high harvests, the population still remains pretty stable. Restrictive game laws also helped allow the population to grow. The Sitka blacktail deer is native to the coastal rainforests of southeastern Alaska, and has been introduced to areas of South Central Alaska. There is some concern that in the long run, they may outcompete the native mule deer. The white-tailed deer found in Arizona belongs to the subspecies called Coues. In general, black-tailed deer occur in the western half of the state, while white-tailed and mule deer occur in the eastern half. The following population estimates were taken from state government websites and other authoritative sources. New Jersey Division of Fish & Wildlife: White-tailed deer hunting and harvest. White-tailed deer are recognized as an integral part of the majority of Florida's 13 diverse ecosystems. By 1951 deer numbers were believed to be between 45,000 and 50,000. A useful trick if they are grazing and need to quickly flee from a predator. By the late 1800s and early 1900s, deer populations had plummeted across the country and some states were in danger of loosing deer entirely. Columbian weigh between 88 180 pounds. The birth of the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission also marked the birth of the Wildlife Management Area (WMA) System. Therefore, while it is recognized that white-tailed deer are but one element in the complex and diverse ecosystems they inhabit it must also be recognized that deer harvest management will likely continue to be a necessary and desirable practice. White-tailed deer and mule deer are not native to the area. These deer are ruminants, which means they have a four-chambered stomach. In fact the 2020-21 hunting season is reported as one of Ohios most successful with 197,735 deer harvested. The more recent 2021 mule deer survey (linked at bottom of article) lists about 80,600 mule deer. Deer harvests began to increase again in 2016, possibly due to coyote densities declining. North Dakota is home to both white-tailed and mule deer. A 2021 article in the Press Herald quoted a state biologist as saying the 2019 whitetail deer population estimate was 230,000 250,000 and that today the numbers are likely closer to 280,000 300,000. Upwards of 400,000 deer are hunted in the state each year. Colorado Parks & Wildlife: Big Game Hunting. While statewide estimates are gained mainly through harvest data, in 2021 a thermal imaging drone was flown over Arlington in efforts to gain more accurate data. The mule deer working group states it is difficult to estimate black-tailed deer numbers, however the 2004 estimate of 320,000 is likely close as the population has been stable since then. The white-tailed deer has a reddish-brown coat in the spring which fades to a grayish-brown coat during the fall and winter. The Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife estimated a population of 1 million white-tailed deer at the start of the 2020-21 hunting season. Today, the population sits around 660,000. Florida Coastal White-tailed Deer (panhandle and northwestern portion of the state), Florida White-tailed Deer (northwestern, central and southern portion of the state). Ohio had lost most of its deer by 1900 due to habitat loss and hunting. To make matters worse a campaign to eradicate the cattle-fever tick (Boophilus microplus) saw the destruction of at least 10,000 deer in southern Florida from 1939-1941. Arizona is home to two main types of deer, the mule deer and the white-tailed deer. According to Colorado Parks & Wildlife, the deer and elk meat industry begun in Colorado as early as 1880. They will spend the summer in higher elevations, then travel down to lower elevations during the winter. A 2021 estimate puts mule deer at a population of between 90,000 130,000. Moreover, for every deer hunter there are three non-hunting users of the resource. 
Thus far they report that the harvest has not met the numbers they want, and the state is continuing to work on management strategies. This study from 2020 says that while imprecise, their best estimate is 333,000 346,000 black tailed deer live across Alaska. This includes plant shoots, legumes, cacti, leaves, grasses, fruit, corn, acorns and mushrooms. Delawares White-Tailed Deer: Hunting and Management. This coupled with careful management clearly has allowed deer in Mississippi to make an impressive comeback. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources: big game hunting information. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks: deer information and hunting guide. 620 S. Meridian St. Tallahassee, FL (850) 488-4676
Over time this heavy hunting and habitat loss took a real toll. Copyright 1999 - 2022 State of Florida. While overall population is down from the peak years of the mid to late 1990s, density of deer still remains a problem in many suburban parts of the state. During the decade of the 1960s Florida's deer herds were experiencing strong annual increases. Mule deer make up the majority, with white-tailed deer mainly found in eastern parts of the state and a few pockets in central and mountain areas. Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. There are eight accepted subspecies in the U.S., including the two black-tailed species. Like other deer species they grow new antlers each spring and shed them during the winter. Wyoming is home to both mule deer and white-tailed deer. Found in forests as well as the suburbs, deer are often thought to have spiritual meaning and can bring nature close to home since they are often seen in backyards and neighborhoods. The total population estimate for deer living in the U.S. is approximately 35-36 million. They are allowed to be hunted and in the 2017-2018 season just over 3,000 were harvested. Illinois Department of Natural Resources: deer hunting information. 
Ideally 8 feet and solid (not opaque). Maryland also has a population of sika deer. By 1930 less than 500 deer remained. Arrests for game violations increased 5-fold from the early 1940s. The distribution of hunted deer is about 60% mule deer and 40% Coues deer. Indiana Department of Natural Resources: White-tailed Deer History & Biology. While overall the deer population is considered to be stable, the migratory populations in the Sierra Nevada and the black-tailed deer in the northwest are likely in decline, while suburban populations are increasing. However in many areas of eastern Massachusetts where hunting is restricted by town firearm laws or land closures, the deer population is not well controlled. Clearly restocking, management efforts, and the shift away from clearing land for agriculture have worked, to the point where many counties are now trying to lower the number of deer to a more sustainable number. This means they fork as they grow. The Kansas DWP reports that white tailed numbers have increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Native plant suppression when there are more deer than the ecosystem can sustain, native plants may be grazed to the point where they are never allowed to grow, reducing food for other animals and allowing invasive species to thrive. The largest deer are often found along the northern portions of their range, while the tiny Key Deer of Florida barely make it to 100 pounds. Connecticut DEEP: hunting and trapping information. These sika deer were originally from Japan and were released from private property in Maryland during the early 1900s. As the population grew, the demand for market hunting increased and deer were hunted in greater and greater numbers. Mule deer make up the largest portion of the population and 95% of the annual deer harvested. This is mainly white-tailed deer however there is a small population of mule deer in the state also, about 1,750 3,000. The mule deer population has been in decline since 1980, decreasing from 300,000 to todays estimate of 170,000 190,000 in 2020. Like many other states, deer and other large game in Iowa was hunted to near extinction by the early 1800s. Deer are found throughout the state with three subspecies broken up by geographic location. Maryland Department of Natural Resources: hunting in Maryland. These deer gained the name mule due to their elongated ears that resemble a donkey. Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries or refuges was a popular method of addressing the problem of rapidly vanishing wildlife. It also says hunters harvest a whopping 280,000 deer each year, on average. Wildlife Informer is reader-supported. Localized declines in deer numbers were probably evident by the early 1800s which may have prompted enactment of an 1828 territorial law prohibiting fire hunting west of the Suwannee River. Not only did populations need to be maintained at levels compatible with the welfare of the species and the demand for deer-related recreation, but competing land uses and ecosystem health also became considerations of equal weight. The antlers are used during the breeding season to compete for breeding females. Arizona Game & Fish: deer hunting rules and regulations. This has rebounded from the estimated 10,000 deer in 1900. Key deer are the smallest subspecies of white-tailed deer in North America, weighing only about 55-65 pounds. Unlike the white-tailed deers antlers which branch out from a single main beam, the antlers of mule deer are bifurcated. They are accurate to the best of our knowledge. Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department: white-tailed deer hunting information. Wisconsin is having a deer boom, with this 2021 article reporting the states population of 1.6 million is the highest its been in decades. However the accompanying article states estimates are likely conservative. Oregon Department of Fish & Game: how to hunt deer and elk in Oregon. The estimated population total today is 427,500 mule deer and white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer dominate Texas, being found in 252 out of 254 counties across the state with an estimated population of 5.3 million. They have made most of this information available online at Minnesota DNR Deer Populations & Goals. On average in North America, males weigh 150-300 pounds and females weigh 88 198 pounds. It may be that monitoring of this species separate from overall deer in the state has not yet been established. Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife: hunting rules and regulations. This 2015 article states the Arizona Big Game Management estimated Coues population at about 50,000-60,000 deer. This land provides habitat for deer, turkey, quail and other game species and also supports a diversity of other wildlife unparalleled in much of the rest of the North America. Studies of mule deer populations have shown that they have been recorded as eating nearly 800 different plant species. The most credible white-tailed estimate I could find came from the 2017-2023 South Dakota white-tailed and mule deer management plan, which listed the 2016 preseason population estimate at 425,000. The estimated all-time low whitetail deer population numbers in Louisiana was about 20,000 in 1925. They consider the population stable. It will be something the state keeps an eye on going forward. The task of deer management had become multidimensional. There is also a small population of black-tailed deer on the island of Kauai that were introduced from Oregon in 1961. The Axis deer, also known as the chital, is native to the Indian subcontinent. In the current Maryland white-tailed deer management plan the most recent population estimate I saw was 207,000 tailed deer in 2018. The 2021 mule deer survey put their population within the state at 227,392. 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The sika deer population is mainly found along coastal regions and is much lower than the white-tailed deer.
