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[47], Santorini has a semi-arid climate (BSh in the Kppen climate classification) with Mediterranean characteristics. Agriculture also forms part of its economy, and the island sustains a wine industry. [34] This aftershock which originated close to the island of Anafi is believed to have been responsible for most of the damage and casualties on Santorini. (1980). In their adaptation to their habitat, such vines are planted far apart, as their principal source of moisture is dew, and they often are trained in the shape of low-spiralling baskets, with the grapes hanging inside to protect them from the winds. The hostility against the taxes caused many of the tax collectors to resign. Vessels were dispatched to carry two power generators to assist in supporting the restoration of the electricity supply.[59][60]. Once they heard of massacres of the Greek population of Chios in April 1822, many islanders became fearful of Ottoman reprisals, with two villages stating they were prepared to surrender,[24] though sixteen monks from the Monastery of Profitis Ilias, led by their abbot Gerasimos Mavrommatis declared in writing their support for the revolt. At 3.11 am on 9 July 1956 a earthquake with a magnitude (depending on the particular study) of 7.5,[32] 7.6,[32] 7.7[33] or 7.8[34] struck 30km south of the island of Amorgos. Santorini remained unoccupied throughout the rest of the Bronze Age, during which time the Greeks took over Crete. archaeologists to believe that the fresco of the saffron/crocus gatherers is a coming of age fresco dealing with female pubescence. [61], Santorini has two ports: Athinios (Ferry Port) and Skala (Old Port). "Mechanism of the Minoan eruption of Santorini". [77], The board game Santorini, inspired by the architecture of the island's cliffside villages, was published in 2004 by Gordon Hamilton.[78]. Santorini's primary industry is tourism, particularly in the summer months. Thera is built upon a small, non-volcanic basement that represents the former non-volcanic island, which was approximately 9 by 6km (5.6 by 3.7mi). It is the largest island of a small, circular archipelago, which bears the same name and is the remnant of a caldera. Although the volcano is dormant at the present time, at the current active crater (there are several former craters on Nea Kameni), steam and carbon dioxide are given off. Power Station which is located at Monolithos in the eastern part of Santorini. [21], In 1810 Santorini with 32 ships was the seventh largest of the Greek fleet after ", "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. [43] These are geochemically distinct from the later volcanism, as they contain amphiboles. The cycles end when the magma evolves to a rhyolitic composition, causing the most explosive eruptions. It was founded in May 2011, after the merging of the Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Thera (DEYA Thera) and the Community Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Oia (K . The traditional architecture of Santorini is similar to that of the other Cyclades, with low-lying cubical houses, made of local stone and whitewashed or limewashed with various volcanic ashes used as colours. In early 1823, the Second National Assembly at Astros, imposed a contribution of 90,000 grosis on Santorini to fund the fight for independence, while in 1836 they also had to contribute in 1826 to the obligatory loan of 190,000 grosis imposed on the Cyclades. While the island didnt come out in direct support of the revolt they did send 100 barrels of wine to the Greek fleet as well in April 1821, 71 sailors, a priest and the presbyter Nikolaos Dekazas, to serve on the Spetsiote fleet.[21]. [28][29], In general the islands economy continued to decline following World War II with a number of factories closing as a lot of industrial activity relocated after to Athens. This terrifying explosion was interpreted as a divine omen against the worship of religious icons[14][15] and gave the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian the justification he needed to begin implementing his Iconoclasm policy. [43] Nine subaerial eruptions are recorded in the historical record since that time, with the most recent ending in 1950. The eruption occurred during the "Late MinoanIA" period of Minoan chronology at Crete and the "Late CycladicI" period in the surrounding islands. [43] The most famous eruption is the Minoan eruption, detailed below. George Cedrenus, , Vol I, p. 795. Excavations starting in 1967 at the Akrotiri site under the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known Minoan site outside of Crete, homeland of the culture. In 1944, the German garrison on Santorini was raided by a group of British Special Boat Service Commandos, killing most of its men. [16] Because of the Venetians the island became home to a sizable Catholic community and is still the seat of a Catholic bishopric. It is not easy to be a winegrower in Santorini; the hot and dry conditions give the soil a very low productivity. [citation needed] The pipes run in twin systems, indicating that Therans used both hot and cold water supplies; the origin of the hot water probably was geothermic, given the volcano's proximity. He was rescued by his Ionian guards. The island was not known as Thera at this time. Matters became so heated that Antonios Barbarigos ( - 1824) who had been serving in the First National Assembly at Epidaurus since 20 January 1820 was seriously wounded in the head by a knife attack on Santorini in October 1822 during a dispute between the factions. Fragmentary wall-paintings at Akrotiri lack the insistent religious or mythological content familiar in Classical Greek dcor. Ioannis Panagiotopoulos, E. As a result it has become necessary to construct desalination plants which now provide running, yet non-potable water to most residents. However the unrest arose again later in the year which lead to the 23 October 1862 Revolution and the overthrow of King Otto. [2] Santorini is part of the Thira regional unit.[3]. Due to the lack of water islanders developed non-irrigated crops such as vines and olives that could survive on only the scant moisture provided by the common, early morning fog condensing on the ground as dew. The oceanic crust of the northern margin of the African Plate is being subducted under Greece and the Aegean Sea, which is thinned continental crust. In 2007, the cruise ship MS Sea Diamond ran aground and sank inside the caldera. Electricity for both Santorini and Therasia is principally supplied from the Thira Autonomous This has led to many of the historic cisterns falling into disrepair. Today, that city is referred to as Ancient Thera. These are premium storage space for produce, especially for wine cellaring: the Knava wineries of Santorini. It forms the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an area of approximately 73km2 (28sqmi) and a 2011 census population of 15,550. It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then, and the process repeated itself, most recently 21,000 years ago. The island's wines are standardised and protected by the "Vinsanto" and "Santorini" OPAP designations of origin. In another house are two antelopes painted with a confident calligraphic line, a fisherman holding fish strung by their gills, and a flotilla of pleasure boats, accompanied by leaping dolphins, where ladies take their ease in the shade of light canopies, among other frescoes. [35] In total, 529 houses were destroyed, 1,482 were severely damaged and 1,750 lightly damaged. Bond, A. and Sparks, R. S. J. [34], Immediately following the earthquake the Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis declared Santorini a state of "large-scale local disaster" and visited the island to inspect the situation on 14 July. [13] He writes: "In the same year, in the summer, a vapour like an oven's fire boiled up for days out of the middle of the islands of Thera and Therasia from the depths of the sea, and the whole place burned like fire, little by little thickening and turning to stone, and the air seemed to be a fiery torch." The islands children would present arriving passengers with flowers and bid them happy sailing by lighting small lanterns along the steps from Fira down to the port, offering them a beautiful farewell spectacle. [16] It became part of the semi-autonomous domain of the Sultan's Jewish favourite, Joseph Nasi. The Kameni islands in the centre of the lagoon are the most recent example of a cone built by this volcano, with much of them hidden beneath the water. Many of the houses in Akrotiri are major structures, some of them three stories high. It was the largest earthquake of the 20th century in Greece and had a devastating impact on Santorini. The name Thera was revived in the nineteenth century as the official name of the island and its main city, but the colloquial name Santorini is still in popular use. [37][35] On Santorini 35% of the houses collapsed and 45% suffered major or minor damage. Panoramic view of Santorini's principal city, Fira. As the island lies in a rain shadow between the mountains of Crete and the Peloponnese water seems to have been scarce at least from post-eruption times. [51], A brewery, the Santorini Brewing Company, began operating out of Santorini in 2011, based in the island's wine region. Lava flows and small explosive eruptions build up cones, which are thought to impede the flow of magma to the surface. In the 5th century BC, Dorian Thera did not join the Delian League with Athens; and during the Peloponnesian War, Thera sided with Dorian Sparta, against Athens. The complex formed during the Miocene and was folded and metamorphosed during the Alpine orogeny around 60 million years ago. At the time the population of Santorini was divided between those who supported independence, and (particularly among the Catholics and non-Orthodox) those who were ambivalent or distrustful of a revolt being directed by Hydra and Spetses and those who were fearful of the Sultans revenge. [24] As his authority Matzarakis had a letter from Ypsilantis (dated 29 December 1820) addressed to the notables of Santorini and the Orthodox metropolitan bishop Zacharias Kyriakos (served 1814 - 1842). If qe-ra-si-ja was an ethnikon first, then in following him/her/it the Cretans also feared whence it came.[9]. These hypotheses are not supported by current archaeological research, but remain popular in pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology. [62] Cruise ships anchor off Skala and passengers are transferred by local boatmen to shore at Skala where Fira is accessed by cable car, on foot or by donkeys and mules. These colors, in recent years, tend to replace white in the color of house facades, according to the traditional architecture of the island as it was developed until the great earthquake of 1956. The earliest eruptions, many of which were submarine, were on the Akrotiri Peninsula, and active between 650,000 and 550,000 years ago. In an attempt to improve the local economy the Union of Santorini Cooperatives was established 1947 to process, export and promote the islands agriculture products, in particular its wine. "The Minoan eruption of Santorini, Greece". Eruptive products range from basalt all the way to rhyolite, and the rhyolitic products are associated with the most explosive eruptions. As tourism increased, the existing rainwater harvesting methods proved incapable of supplying the increased demand. Scheduled airlines include the new Olympic Air, Aegean Airlines, Ryanair, and Sky Express, with chartered flights from other airlines during the summer, and with transportation to and from the air terminal available through buses, taxis, hotel car-pickups and rental cars. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Cyclades were under threat from pirates who plundered the harvests, enslaved men and women and sold them in the slave markets. The Cyclades are part of a metamorphic complex that is known as the Cycladic Massif.

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